結論: AWLは大学の教科書や論文でよく出る570語族を頻度順に10段階へ並べたリストです。1953年の基本2000語を引いた残りから作られたため、現代の基本語リストとは393語族が重なります。「学術専用の語」というより「少し硬い日常語」を多く含みます。
AWL は何のために作られたリストか
AWL は Academic Word List の略で、大学の教科書や論文に繰り返し出てくる語を集めたリストです。作ったのは Coxhead, A. (2000) で、ニュージーランドの大学で単語の出やすさを数え続けてきた研究者です。発表先は TESOL Quarterly 34(2), 213-238 という英語教育の学術誌でした。
材料になったのは、学術テキストを約350万語ぶん集めたコーパスです。コーパスとは、文章を大量に集めて数えられる形にしたデータの山だと考えてください。分量にすると英語のペーパーバックで数十冊ぶんにあたります。
このコーパスは芸術・商学・法学・自然科学の4分野からほぼ均等に集められています。理科の教科書だけ、法律の本だけ、という偏りを避けるための設計です。
数える単位は語族(word family)です。語族とは、analyse と analysis と analytical のように形が変わっても元が同じ語を、ひとまとめに1語と数える単位です。この数え方で570語族が選ばれました。
570語族は出やすさの順に10のサブリストへ分けられています。サブリスト1から9までが各60語族、サブリスト10だけが30語族です。番号が小さいほど学術文章によく出るので、上から順に取り組めるようになっています。
「よく使う2000語を引いた残り」という作り方
AWL の成り立ちで一番大事なのは、選び方が足し算ではなく引き算だという点です。Coxhead は候補を数える前に、West (1953) の GSL に載っていた上位2000語をすべて除外しました。GSL とは、1953年に作られた英語の基本語リストのことです。
理由ははっきりしています。基本2000語は学習者がすでに知っている前提だから、学術語彙の教材で改めて扱う必要はない、という判断でした。工具箱にたとえると、誰でも持っている道具を先に抜いて、まだ持っていない道具だけを袋に詰めたことになります。
この引き算はうまくいきました。残った570語族は学術文章の約10%を覆い、しかも分野をまたいで出てきます。1割という数字は、100語の英文を読むと10語がこのリストの語だという意味です。
一方で、引き算には前提がありました。「引く側のリストが古びない」という前提です。GSL は1953年の英語をもとにしており、AWL が作られた2000年時点ですでに半世紀前の基準でした。この前提が、あとで見るように歪みとして表に出てきます。
突き合わせて見えた393という数字
greencafe 編集部は、AWL の570語族を現代の基本語リストである NGSL と機械的に突き合わせました。NGSL は2013年に現代のコーパスから作り直された基本語リストで、GSL の後継にあたります。結果は393語族の一致でした。
570のうち393は、10語のうち7語ほどという割合です。つまり「学術専用の語」として集められたはずの語の7割近くが、現代では日常頻出語の側にも数えられています。この集計は既存の論文にはない独自の実測です。
サブリスト別に見ると、重なりの出方には規則があります。数字が小さいサブリストほど、現代の日常語と重なる割合が高くなります。
| サブリスト | 収録語族 | NGSL にも入る数 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 60 | 55 |
| 3 | 60 | 48 |
| 5 | 60 | 50 |
| 7 | 60 | 35 |
| 9 | 60 | 21 |
| 10 | 30 | 10 |
サブリスト1では60語族のうち55語族が現代の基本語です。サブリスト9では60語族のうち21語族まで下がります。学術文章でよく出る語ほど、日常でもよく出るという当たり前の事実が、きれいな坂として現れています。
同じことは BNC/COCA でも確認できます。BNC/COCA は英語の大規模データを1000語族ずつの帯に並べた頻度リストです。AWL の570語族のうち474語族が、この最頻3000語族の中に入っていました。
言い換えると、1953年の基準で「基本語ではない」とされた語の多くが、25年後の基準では基本語の側にいます。語彙リストは英語そのものより早く古びる、ということです。自分に必要な語数の目安を考えるときは、英単語は何個覚えれば読める・聞けるのかを合わせて読むと、この数字の位置づけがつかみやすくなります。
「分野をまたぐ学術語彙」は本当にあるのか
AWL には有力な批判があります。Hyland, K., & Tse, P. (2007) の “Is there an ‘academic vocabulary’?” です。香港の大学で、分野ごとの論文の書き方を比べ続けてきた2人の研究者による論文で、TESOL Quarterly 41(2), 235-253 に載りました。
批判の中身は3つに整理できます。1つめは、同じ語でも分野によって意味がずれることです。analyse という語が指す作業は、生物学と文学研究ではまったく別物になります。
2つめは、頻度も分野でばらつくことです。ある分野で頻出する語が、隣の分野ではほとんど出ないという例が数多く見つかりました。平均すると共通に見えるだけで、実際の1本の論文の中では偏っている、という指摘です。
3つめは、ここから導かれる結論です。「どの分野でも同じように効く学術語彙のかたまり」という前提そのものが疑わしい、と2人は述べました。彼らの提案は、分野別の語彙リストを作るべきだというものです。
この批判は AWL を無効にしたわけではありません。有効な範囲を狭めたと読むのが正確です。専攻が決まっている人にとっては、570語族を端から覚えるのが最短ルートではない可能性が高い、ということになります。
大学に行かない人にも関係があるのはどこか
このサイトの読者の多くは、学生ではなく英語をやり直している社会人です。AWL は大学生と研究者のために作られたリストなので、一見すると関係がなさそうに見えます。
しかし前半のサブリストに限れば、話は変わります。393語族が現代の日常頻出リストと重なっているということは、AWL の前半が「大学の語彙」ではなく「少し硬い日常語」だという意味になるからです。
具体的には、契約書、社内の報告文書、ニュース記事、説明書などに出てくる語が多く含まれます。会話ではあまり使わないが、読み書きでは避けて通れない層です。仕事で英文メールや資料を読む人には、この層が直接ひびきます。
逆に、サブリスト8以降は優先度を下げてよい範囲です。論文を読む予定がないなら、そこに時間を使うより基本語の定着を優先したほうが効率的です。覚えたはずの語が出てこない状態が続いているなら、英単語が覚えられない大人へで扱っている、覚え方そのものの見直しが先になります。
硬い語に触れる量を増やす方法としては、多読も選択肢になります。英語の本をたくさん読むと本当に力がつくのかで、効果が出る条件と出ない条件を研究ベースで整理しています。試験対策として語を絞りたい場合は、TOEIC 単語を効率よく覚える 4 原則のほうが目的に合います。
どこまで使えて、どこから先は使えないのか
使える場面ははっきりしています。論文や専門書をこれから読む人にとって、AWL は依然として足がかりになります。60語族ずつに区切られているので進み具合が見え、教材や試験の語彙選定にも使いやすい形です。
使えない場面もはっきりしています。日常会話や小説を読むための近道にはなりません。編集部が公有の英語小説で測ったところ、AWL の語で説明がつくのは全体の1.7%でした。100語に2語弱という密度です。
さらに、AWL は基本語の代わりにはなりません。Hu & Nation (2000) と Laufer & Ravenhorst-Kalovski (2010) は、読解に必要な既知語の割合を調べた研究です。どちらも、文章を自力で理解するには全体の95〜98%を知っている必要があると報告しています。この土台を作るのは基本2000〜3000語族であって、AWL ではありません。
順番としては、基本語で土台を作り、目的が学術寄りならサブリスト1から積むという形になります。積み方そのものでつまずいている場合は、単語帳を何周しても覚えられない人へで扱っている、思い出す回数を増やすやり方が助けになります。
結論として、AWL は万能の学術語彙リストではなく、25年前の設計思想が残った歴史的な資産です。前半は今も使え、後半は目的次第で、全体としては分野別の視点で補う必要があります。その線引きを踏まえたうえで使うなら、570語族という規模は依然として扱いやすい単位です。
リスト全文
このリストのライセンスと出典
下の表と CSV は Coxhead, A. (2000). A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 213-238. を出典とし、CC BY-SA 4.0（表示 – 継承 4.0 国際）で提供されています。原典はこちらの公式サイトです。
greencafe 編集部は、順位・見出し語・語形を表形式に整え、CSV を書き出す加工を行いました。語そのものの選定・順位づけは原著者によるもので、greencafe が決めたものではありません。
この表と CSV を再配布・改変する場合は、原著者を表示したうえで CC BY-SA 4.0 で公開してください。なお、このライセンスが及ぶのはリスト（表と CSV）の部分だけで、本ページの日本語による解説文には及びません。
| サブリスト | 見出し語 | 同じ語のなかま（活用形など） |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | analyse | analysed analyser analysers analyses analysing analysis analyst analysts analytic analytical analytically analyze analyzed analyzes analyzing |
| 1 | approach | approachable approached approaches approaching unapproachable |
| 1 | area | areas |
| 1 | assess | assessable assessed assesses assessing assessment assessments reassess reassessed reassessing reassessment unassessed |
| 1 | assume | assumed assumes assuming assumption assumptions |
| 1 | authority | authoritative authorities |
| 1 | available | availability unavailable |
| 1 | benefit | beneficial beneficiary beneficiaries benefited benefiting benefits |
| 1 | concept | conception concepts conceptual conceptualisation conceptualise conceptualised conceptualises conceptualising conceptually |
| 1 | consist | consisted consistency consistent consistently consisting consists inconsistencies inconsistency inconsistent |
| 1 | constitute | constituencies constituency constituent constituents constituted constitutes constituting constitution constitutions constitutional constitutionally constitutive unconstitutional |
| 1 | context | contexts contextual contextualise contextualised contextualising uncontextualised contextualize contextualized contextualizing uncontextualized |
| 1 | contract | contracted contracting contractor contractors contracts |
| 1 | create | created creates creating creation creations creative creatively creativity creator creators recreate recreated recreates recreating |
| 1 | data | |
| 1 | define | definable defined defines defining definition definitions redefine redefined redefines redefining undefined |
| 1 | derive | derivation derivations derivative derivatives derived derives deriving |
| 1 | distribute | distributed distributing distribution distributional distributions distributive distributor distributors redistribute redistributed redistributes redistributing redistribution |
| 1 | economy | economic economical economically economics economies economist economists uneconomical |
| 1 | environment | environmental environmentalist environmentalists environmentally environments |
| 1 | establish | disestablish disestablished disestablishes disestablishing disestablishment established establishes establishing establishment establishments |
| 1 | estimate | estimated estimates estimating estimation estimations over-estimate overestimate overestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimating |
| 1 | evident | evidenced evidence evidential evidently |
| 1 | export | exported exporter exporters exporting exports |
| 1 | factor | factored factoring factors |
| 1 | finance | financed finances financial financially financier financiers financing |
| 1 | formula | formulae formulas formulate formulated formulating formulation formulations reformulate reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulations |
| 1 | function | functional functionally functioned functioning functions |
| 1 | identify | identifiable identification identified identifies identifying identities identity unidentifiable |
| 1 | income | incomes |
| 1 | indicate | indicated indicates indicating indication indications indicative indicator indicators |
| 1 | individual | individualised individuality individualism individualist individualists individualistic individually individuals |
| 1 | interpret | interpretation interpretations interpretative interpreted interpreting interpretive interprets misinterpret misinterpretation misinterpretations misinterpreted misinterpreting misinterprets reinterpret reinterpreted reinterprets reinterpreting reinterpretation reinterpretations |
| 1 | involve | involved involvement involves involving uninvolved |
| 1 | issue | issued issues issuing |
| 1 | labour | labor labored labors laboured labouring labours |
| 1 | legal | illegal illegality illegally legality legally |
| 1 | legislate | legislated legislates legislating legislation legislative legislator legislators legislature |
| 1 | major | majorities majority |
| 1 | method | methodical methodological methodologies methodology methods |
| 1 | occur | occurred occurrence occurrences occurring occurs reoccur reoccurred reoccurring reoccurs |
| 1 | percent | percentage percentages |
| 1 | period | periodic periodical periodically periodicals periods |
| 1 | policy | policies |
| 1 | principle | principled principles unprincipled |
| 1 | proceed | procedural procedure procedures proceeded proceeding proceedings proceeds |
| 1 | process | processed processes processing |
| 1 | require | required requirement requirements requires requiring |
| 1 | research | researched researcher researchers researches researching |
| 1 | respond | responded respondent respondents responding responds response responses responsive responsiveness unresponsive |
| 1 | role | roles |
| 1 | section | sectioned sectioning sections |
| 1 | sector | sectors |
| 1 | significant | insignificant insignificantly significance significantly signified signifies signify signifying |
| 1 | similar | dissimilar similarities similarity similarly |
| 1 | source | sourced sources sourcing |
| 1 | specific | specifically specification specifications specificity specifics |
| 1 | structure | restructure restructured restructures restructuring structural structurally structured structures structuring unstructured |
| 1 | theory | theoretical theoretically theories theorist theorists |
| 1 | vary | invariable invariably variability variable variables variably variance variant variants variation variations varied varies varying |
| 2 | achieve | achievable achieved achievement achievements achieves achieving |
| 2 | acquire | acquired acquires acquiring acquisition acquisitions |
| 2 | administration | administrates administration administrations administrative administratively administrator administrators |
| 2 | affect | affected affecting affective affectively affects unaffected |
| 2 | appropriate | appropriacy appropriately appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriate inappropriately |
| 2 | aspect | aspects |
| 2 | assist | assistance assistant assistants assisted assisting assists unassisted |
| 2 | category | categories categorisation categorise categorised categorises categorising categorization categorized categorizes categorizing |
| 2 | chapter | chapters |
| 2 | commission | commissioned commissioner commissioners commissioning commissions |
| 2 | community | communities |
| 2 | complex | complexities complexity |
| 2 | compute | computation computational computations computable computer computed computerised computers computing |
| 2 | conclude | concluded concludes concluding conclusion conclusions conclusive conclusively inconclusive inconclusively |
| 2 | conduct | conducted conducting conducts |
| 2 | consequent | consequence consequences consequently |
| 2 | construct | constructed constructing construction constructions constructive constructs reconstruct reconstructed reconstructing reconstruction reconstructs |
| 2 | consume | consumed consumer consumers consumes consuming consumption |
| 2 | credit | credited crediting creditor creditors credits |
| 2 | culture | cultural culturally cultured cultures uncultured |
| 2 | design | designed designer designers designing designs |
| 2 | distinct | distinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctly |
| 2 | element | elements |
| 2 | equate | equated equates equating equation equations |
| 2 | evaluate | evaluated evaluates evaluating evaluation evaluations evaluative re-evaluate re-evaluated re-evaluates re-evaluating re-evaluation |
| 2 | feature | featured features featuring |
| 2 | final | finalise finalised finalises finalising finalize finalized finalizes finalizing finality finally finals |
| 2 | focus | focused focuses focusing focussed focussing refocus refocused refocuses refocusing refocussed refocusses refocussing |
| 2 | impact | impacted impacting impacts |
| 2 | injure | injured injures injuries injuring injury uninjured |
| 2 | institute | instituted institutes instituting institution institutional institutionalise institutionalised institutionalises institutionalising institutionalized institutionalizes institutionalizing institutionally institutions |
| 2 | invest | invested investing investment investments investor investors invests reinvest reinvested reinvesting reinvestment reinvests |
| 2 | item | itemisation itemise itemised itemises itemising items |
| 2 | journal | journals |
| 2 | maintain | maintained maintaining maintains maintenance |
| 2 | normal | abnormal abnormally normalisation normalise normalised normalises normalising normalization normalize normalized normalizes normalizing normality normally |
| 2 | obtain | obtainable obtained obtaining obtains unobtainable |
| 2 | participate | participant participants participated participates participating participation participatory |
| 2 | perceive | perceived perceives perceiving perception perceptions |
| 2 | positive | positively |
| 2 | potential | potentially |
| 2 | previous | previously |
| 2 | primary | primarily |
| 2 | purchase | purchased purchaser purchasers purchases purchasing |
| 2 | range | ranged ranges ranging |
| 2 | region | regional regionally regions |
| 2 | regulate | deregulated deregulates deregulating deregulation regulated regulates regulating regulation regulations regulator regulators regulatory unregulated |
| 2 | relevant | irrelevance irrelevant relevance |
| 2 | reside | resided residence resident residential residents resides residing |
| 2 | resource | resourced resourceful resources resourcing unresourceful under-resourced |
| 2 | restrict | restricted restricting restriction restrictions restrictive restrictively restricts unrestricted unrestrictive |
| 2 | secure | insecure insecurities insecurity secured securely secures securing securities security |
| 2 | seek | seeking seeks sought |
| 2 | select | selected selecting selection selections selective selectively selector selectors selects |
| 2 | site | sites |
| 2 | strategy | strategic strategies strategically strategist strategists |
| 2 | survey | surveyed surveying surveys |
| 2 | text | texts textual |
| 2 | tradition | non-traditional traditional traditionalist traditionally traditions |
| 2 | transfer | transferable transference transferred transferring transfers |
| 3 | alternative | alternatively alternatives |
| 3 | circumstance | circumstances |
| 3 | comment | commentaries commentary commentator commentators commented commenting comments |
| 3 | compensate | compensated compensates compensating compensation compensations compensatory |
| 3 | component | componentry components |
| 3 | consent | consensus consented consenting consents |
| 3 | considerable | considerably |
| 3 | constant | constancy constantly constants inconstancy inconstantly |
| 3 | constrain | constrained constraining constrains constraint constraints unconstrained |
| 3 | contribute | contributed contributes contributing contribution contributions contributor contributors |
| 3 | convene | convention convenes convened convening conventional conventionally conventions unconventional |
| 3 | coordinate | coordinated coordinates coordinating coordination coordinator coordinators co-ordinate co-ordinated co-ordinates co-ordinating co-ordination co-ordinator co-ordinators |
| 3 | core | cores coring cored |
| 3 | corporate | corporates corporation corporations |
| 3 | correspond | corresponded correspondence corresponding correspondingly corresponds |
| 3 | criteria | criterion |
| 3 | deduce | deduced deduces deducing deduction deductions |
| 3 | demonstrate | demonstrable demonstrably demonstrated demonstrates demonstrating demonstration demonstrations demonstrative demonstratively demonstrator demonstrators |
| 3 | document | documentation documented documenting documents |
| 3 | dominate | dominance dominant dominated dominates dominating domination |
| 3 | emphasis | emphasise emphasised emphasising emphasize emphasized emphasizes emphasizing emphatic emphatically |
| 3 | ensure | ensured ensures ensuring |
| 3 | exclude | excluded excludes excluding exclusion exclusionary exclusionist exclusions exclusive exclusively |
| 3 | framework | frameworks |
| 3 | fund | funded funder funders funding funds |
| 3 | illustrate | illustrated illustrates illustrating illustration illustrations illustrative |
| 3 | immigrate | immigrant immigrants immigrated immigrates immigrating immigration |
| 3 | imply | implied implies implying |
| 3 | initial | initially |
| 3 | instance | instances |
| 3 | interact | interacted interacting interaction interactions interactive interactively interacts |
| 3 | justify | justifiable justifiably justification justifications justified justifies justifying unjustified |
| 3 | layer | layered layering layers |
| 3 | link | linkage linkages linked linking links |
| 3 | locate | located locating location locations relocate relocated relocates relocating relocation |
| 3 | maximise | max maximised maximises maximising maximisation maximize maximized maximizes maximizing maximization maximum |
| 3 | minor | minorities minority minors |
| 3 | negate | negative negated negates negating negatively negatives |
| 3 | outcome | outcomes |
| 3 | partner | partners partnership partnerships |
| 3 | philosophy | philosopher philosophers philosophical philosophically philosophies philosophise philosophised philosophises philosophising philosophize philosophized philosophizes philosophizing |
| 3 | physical | physically |
| 3 | proportion | disproportion disproportionate disproportionately proportional proportionally proportionate proportionately proportions |
| 3 | publish | published publisher publishers publishes publishing unpublished |
| 3 | react | reacted reacts reacting reaction reactionaries reactionary reactions reactive reactivate reactivation reactor reactors |
| 3 | register | deregister deregistered deregistering deregisters deregistration registered registering registers registration |
| 3 | rely | reliability reliable reliably reliance reliant relied relies relying unreliable |
| 3 | remove | removable removal removals removed removes removing |
| 3 | scheme | schematic schematically schemed schemes scheming |
| 3 | sequence | sequenced sequences sequencing sequential sequentially |
| 3 | sex | sexes sexism sexual sexuality sexually |
| 3 | shift | shifted shifting shifts |
| 3 | specify | specifiable specified specifies specifying unspecified |
| 3 | sufficient | sufficiency insufficient insufficiently sufficiently |
| 3 | task | tasks |
| 3 | technical | technically |
| 3 | technique | techniques |
| 3 | technology | technological technologically |
| 3 | valid | invalidate invalidity validate validated validating validation validity validly |
| 3 | volume | volumes vol |
| 4 | access | accessed accesses accessibility accessible accessing inaccessible |
| 4 | adequate | adequacy adequately inadequacies inadequacy inadequate inadequately |
| 4 | annual | annually |
| 4 | apparent | apparently |
| 4 | approximate | approximated approximately approximates approximating approximation approximations |
| 4 | attitude | attitudes |
| 4 | attribute | attributable attributed attributes attributing attribution |
| 4 | civil | |
| 4 | code | coded codes coding |
| 4 | commit | commitment commitments commits committed committing |
| 4 | communicate | communicable communicated communicates communicating communication communications communicative communicatively uncommunicative |
| 4 | concentrate | concentrated concentrates concentrating concentration |
| 4 | confer | conference conferences conferred conferring confers |
| 4 | contrast | contrasted contrasting contrastive contrasts |
| 4 | cycle | cycled cycles cyclic cyclical cycling |
| 4 | debate | debatable debated debates debating |
| 4 | despite | |
| 4 | dimension | dimensional dimensions multidimensional |
| 4 | domestic | domestically domesticate domesticated domesticating domestics |
| 4 | emerge | emerged emergence emergent emerges emerging |
| 4 | error | erroneous erroneously errors |
| 4 | ethnic | ethnicity |
| 4 | goal | goals |
| 4 | grant | granted granting grants |
| 4 | hence | |
| 4 | hypothesis | hypotheses hypothesise hypothesised hypothesises hypothesising hypothesize hypothesized hypothesizes hypothesizing hypothetical hypothetically |
| 4 | implement | implementation implemented implementing implements |
| 4 | implicate | implicated implicates implicating implication implications |
| 4 | impose | imposed imposes imposing imposition |
| 4 | integrate | integrated integrates integrating integration |
| 4 | internal | internalise internalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally |
| 4 | investigate | investigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators |
| 4 | job | jobs |
| 4 | label | labeled labeling labelled labelling labels |
| 4 | mechanism | mechanisms |
| 4 | obvious | obviously |
| 4 | occupy | occupancy occupant occupants occupation occupational occupations occupied occupier occupiers occupies occupying |
| 4 | option | optional options |
| 4 | output | outputs |
| 4 | overall | |
| 4 | parallel | paralleled parallelled parallelling parallels unparalleled |
| 4 | parameter | parameters |
| 4 | phase | phased phases phasing |
| 4 | predict | predictability predictable predictably predicted predicting prediction predictions predicts unpredictability unpredictable |
| 4 | principal | principally |
| 4 | prior | |
| 4 | professional | professionally professionals professionalism |
| 4 | project | projected projecting projection projections projects |
| 4 | promote | promoted promoter promoters promotes promoting promotion promotions |
| 4 | regime | regimes |
| 4 | resolve | resolution resolved resolves resolving unresolved |
| 4 | retain | retained retaining retainer retainers retains retention retentive |
| 4 | series | |
| 4 | statistic | statistician statisticians statistical statistically statistics |
| 4 | status | |
| 4 | stress | stressed stresses stressful stressing unstressed |
| 4 | subsequent | subsequently |
| 4 | sum | summation summed summing sums |
| 4 | summary | summaries summarise summarised summarises summarising summarisation summarisations summarization summarizations summarize summarized summarizes summarizing |
| 4 | undertake | undertaken undertakes undertaking undertook |
| 5 | academy | academia academic academically academics academies |
| 5 | adjust | adjusted adjusting adjustment adjustments adjusts readjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts |
| 5 | alter | alterable alteration alterations altered altering alternate alternating alters unalterable unaltered |
| 5 | amend | amended amending amendment amendments amends |
| 5 | aware | awareness unaware |
| 5 | capacity | capacities incapacitate incapacitated |
| 5 | challenge | challenged challenger challengers challenges challenging |
| 5 | clause | clauses |
| 5 | compound | compounded compounding compounds |
| 5 | conflict | conflicted conflicting conflicts |
| 5 | consult | consultancy consultant consultants consultation consultations consultative consulted consults consulting |
| 5 | contact | contactable contacted contacting contacts |
| 5 | decline | declined declines declining |
| 5 | discrete | discretely discretion discretionary indiscrete indiscretion |
| 5 | draft | drafted drafting drafts redraft redrafted redrafting redrafts |
| 5 | enable | enabled enables enabling |
| 5 | energy | energetic energetically energies |
| 5 | enforce | enforced enforcement enforces enforcing |
| 5 | entity | entities |
| 5 | equivalent | equivalence |
| 5 | evolve | evolution evolved evolving evolves evolutionary evolutionist evolutionists |
| 5 | expand | expanded expanding expands expansion expansionism expansive |
| 5 | expose | exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures |
| 5 | external | externalisation externalise externalised externalises externalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizes externalizing externally |
| 5 | facilitate | facilitated facilitates facilities facilitating facilitation facilitator facilitators facility |
| 5 | fundamental | fundamentally |
| 5 | generate | generated generates generating |
| 5 | generation | generations |
| 5 | image | imagery images |
| 5 | liberal | liberalise liberalism liberalisation liberalised liberalises liberalising liberalization liberalize liberalized liberalizes liberalizing liberate liberated liberates liberation liberations liberating liberator liberators liberally liberals |
| 5 | licence | licences license licensed licensing licenses unlicensed |
| 5 | logic | illogical illogically logical logically logician logicians |
| 5 | margin | marginal marginally margins |
| 5 | medical | medically |
| 5 | mental | mentality mentally |
| 5 | modify | modification modifications modified modifies modifying unmodified |
| 5 | monitor | monitored monitoring monitors unmonitored |
| 5 | network | networked networking networks |
| 5 | notion | notions |
| 5 | objective | objectively objectivity |
| 5 | orient | orientate orientated orientates orientation orientating oriented orienting orients reorient reorientation |
| 5 | perspective | perspectives |
| 5 | precise | imprecise precisely precision |
| 5 | prime | primacy |
| 5 | psychology | psychological psychologically psychologist psychologists |
| 5 | pursue | pursued pursues pursuing pursuit pursuits |
| 5 | ratio | ratios |
| 5 | reject | rejected rejecting rejection rejects rejections |
| 5 | revenue | revenues |
| 5 | stable | instability stabilisation stabilise stabilised stabilises stabilising stabilization stabilize stabilized stabilizes stabilizing stability unstable |
| 5 | style | styled styles styling stylish stylise stylised stylises stylising stylize stylized stylizes stylizing |
| 5 | substitute | substituted substitutes substituting substitution |
| 5 | sustain | sustainable sustainability sustained sustaining sustains sustenance unsustainable |
| 5 | symbol | symbolic symbolically symbolise symbolises symbolised symbolising symbolism symbolize symbolized symbolizes symbolizing symbols |
| 5 | target | targeted targeting targets |
| 5 | transit | transited transiting transition transitional transitions transitory transits |
| 5 | trend | trends |
| 5 | version | versions |
| 5 | welfare | |
| 5 | whereas | |
| 6 | abstract | abstraction abstractions abstractly abstracts |
| 6 | accurate | accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate |
| 6 | acknowledge | acknowledged acknowledges acknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements |
| 6 | aggregate | aggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation |
| 6 | allocate | allocated allocates allocating allocation allocations |
| 6 | assign | assigned assigning assignment assignments assigns reassign reassigned reassigning reassigns unassigned |
| 6 | attach | attached attaches attaching attachment attachments unattached |
| 6 | author | authored authoring authors authorship |
| 6 | bond | bonded bonding bonds |
| 6 | brief | brevity briefed briefing briefly briefs |
| 6 | capable | capabilities capability incapable |
| 6 | cite | citation citations cited citing cites |
| 6 | cooperate | cooperated cooperates cooperating cooperation cooperative cooperatively co-operate co-operated co-operates co-operation co-operative co-operatively |
| 6 | discriminate | discriminated discriminates discriminating discrimination |
| 6 | display | displayed displaying displays |
| 6 | diverse | diversely diversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversity |
| 6 | domain | domains |
| 6 | edit | edited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors edits |
| 6 | enhance | enhanced enhancement enhances enhancing |
| 6 | estate | estates |
| 6 | exceed | exceeded exceeding exceeds |
| 6 | expert | expertise expertly experts |
| 6 | explicit | explicitly |
| 6 | federal | federation federations |
| 6 | fee | fees |
| 6 | flexible | flexibility inflexible inflexibility |
| 6 | furthermore | |
| 6 | gender | genders |
| 6 | ignorance | ignorance ignore ignored ignores ignoring |
| 6 | incentive | incentives |
| 6 | incidence | incident incidentally incidents |
| 6 | incorporate | incorporated incorporates incorporating incorporation |
| 6 | index | indexed indexes indexing |
| 6 | inhibit | inhibited inhibiting inhibition inhibitions inhibits |
| 6 | initiate | initiated initiates initiating initiation initiations initiative initiatives initiator initiators |
| 6 | input | inputs |
| 6 | instruct | instruction instructed instructing instructions instructive instructor instructors instructs |
| 6 | intelligence | intelligence intelligently unintelligent |
| 6 | interval | intervals |
| 6 | lecture | lectured lecturer lecturers lectures lecturing |
| 6 | migrate | migrant migrants migrated migrates migrating migration migrations migratory |
| 6 | minimum | |
| 6 | ministry | ministered ministering ministerial ministries |
| 6 | motive | motivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motives unmotivated |
| 6 | neutral | neutralisation neutralise neutralised neutralises neutralising neutrality neutralization neutralize neutralized neutralizes neutralizing |
| 6 | nevertheless | |
| 6 | overseas | |
| 6 | precede | preceded precedence precedent precedes preceding unprecedented |
| 6 | presume | presumably presumed presumes presuming presumption presumptions presumptuous |
| 6 | rational | irrational rationalisation rationalisations rationalise rationalised rationalises rationalising rationalism rationality rationalization rationalizations rationalize rationalized rationalizes rationally |
| 6 | recover | recoverable recovered recovering recovers recovery |
| 6 | reveal | revealed revealing reveals revelation revelations |
| 6 | scope | |
| 6 | subsidy | subsidiary subsidies subsidise subsidised subsidises subsidising subsidize subsidized subsidizes subsidizing |
| 6 | tape | taped tapes taping |
| 6 | trace | traceable traced traces tracing |
| 6 | transform | transformation transformations transformed transforming transforms |
| 6 | transport | transportation transported transporter transporters transporting transports |
| 6 | underlie | underlay underlies underlying |
| 6 | utilise | utilisation utilised utilises utilising utiliser utilisers utility utilities utilization utilize utilized utilizes utilizing |
| 7 | adapt | adaptability adaptable adaptation adaptations adapted adapting adaptive adapts |
| 7 | adult | adulthood adults |
| 7 | advocate | advocacy advocated advocates advocating |
| 7 | aid | aided aiding aids unaided |
| 7 | channel | channelled channelling channels |
| 7 | chemical | chemically chemicals |
| 7 | classic | classical classics |
| 7 | comprehensive | comprehensively |
| 7 | comprise | comprised comprises comprising confirm confirmation confirmed confirming confirms |
| 7 | confirm | |
| 7 | contrary | contrarily |
| 7 | convert | conversion conversions converted convertible converting converts |
| 7 | couple | coupled coupling couples |
| 7 | decade | decades |
| 7 | definite | definitely definitive indefinite indefinitely |
| 7 | deny | deniable denial denials denied denies denying undeniable |
| 7 | differentiate | differentiated differentiates differentiating differentiation |
| 7 | dispose | disposable disposal disposed disposes disposing |
| 7 | dynamic | dynamically dynamics |
| 7 | eliminate | eliminated eliminates eliminating elimination |
| 7 | empirical | empirically empiricism |
| 7 | equip | equipment equipped equipping equips |
| 7 | extract | extracted extracting extraction extracts |
| 7 | file | filed files filing |
| 7 | finite | infinite infinitely |
| 7 | foundation | foundations |
| 7 | globe | global globally globalisation globalization |
| 7 | grade | graded grades grading |
| 7 | guarantee | guaranteed guaranteeing guarantees |
| 7 | hierarchy | hierarchical hierarchies |
| 7 | identical | identically |
| 7 | ideology | ideological ideologically ideologies |
| 7 | infer | inference inferences inferred inferring infers |
| 7 | innovate | innovation innovated innovates innovating innovations innovative innovator innovators |
| 7 | insert | inserted inserting insertion inserts |
| 7 | intervene | intervened intervenes intervening intervention interventions |
| 7 | isolate | isolated isolates isolating isolation isolationism |
| 7 | media | |
| 7 | mode | modes |
| 7 | paradigm | paradigms |
| 7 | phenomenon | phenomena phenomenal |
| 7 | priority | priorities prioritisation prioritise prioritised prioritises prioritising prioritization prioritize prioritized prioritizes prioritizing |
| 7 | prohibit | prohibited prohibiting prohibition prohibitions prohibitive prohibits |
| 7 | publication | publications |
| 7 | quote | quotation quotations quoted quotes quoting |
| 7 | release | released releases releasing |
| 7 | reverse | reversal reversed reverses reversible reversing reversals irreversible |
| 7 | simulate | simulated simulates simulating simulation |
| 7 | sole | solely |
| 7 | somewhat | |
| 7 | submit | submission submissions submits submitted submitting |
| 7 | successor | succession successions successive successively successors |
| 7 | survive | survival survived survives surviving survivor survivors |
| 7 | thesis | theses |
| 7 | topic | topical topics |
| 7 | transmit | transmission transmissions transmitted transmitting transmits |
| 7 | ultimate | ultimately |
| 7 | unique | uniquely uniqueness |
| 7 | visible | visibility visibly invisible invisibility |
| 7 | voluntary | voluntarily volunteer volunteering volunteered volunteers |
| 8 | abandon | abandoned abandoning abandonment abandons |
| 8 | accompany | accompanied accompanies accompaniment accompanying unaccompanied |
| 8 | accumulate | accumulated accumulating accumulation accumulates |
| 8 | ambiguous | ambiguities ambiguity unambiguous unambiguously |
| 8 | append | appendix appended appends appending appendices appendixes |
| 8 | appreciate | appreciable appreciably appreciated appreciates appreciating appreciation unappreciated |
| 8 | arbitrary | arbitrariness arbitrarily |
| 8 | automate | automatic automated automates automating automatically automation |
| 8 | bias | biased biases biasing unbiased |
| 8 | chart | charted charting charts uncharted |
| 8 | clarify | clarification clarified clarifies clarifying clarity |
| 8 | commodity | commodities |
| 8 | complement | complementary complemented complementing complements |
| 8 | conform | conformable conformability conformance conformation conformed conforming conformist conformists conformity conforms nonconformist nonconformists nonconformity non-conformist non-conformists non-conformity |
| 8 | contemporary | contemporaries |
| 8 | contradict | contradicted contradicting contradiction contradictions contradictory contradicts |
| 8 | crucial | crucially |
| 8 | currency | currencies |
| 8 | denote | denotation denotations denoted denotes denoting |
| 8 | detect | detectable detected detecting detection detective detectives detector detectors detects |
| 8 | deviate | deviated deviates deviating deviation deviations |
| 8 | displace | displaced displacement displaces displacing |
| 8 | drama | dramas dramatic dramatically dramatise dramatised dramatising dramatises dramatisation dramatisations dramatist dramatists dramatization dramatizations dramatize dramatized dramatizes dramatizing |
| 8 | eventual | eventuality eventually |
| 8 | exhibit | exhibited exhibiting exhibition exhibitions exhibits |
| 8 | exploit | exploitation exploited exploiting exploits |
| 8 | fluctuate | fluctuated fluctuates fluctuating fluctuation fluctuations |
| 8 | guideline | guidelines |
| 8 | highlight | highlighted highlighting highlights |
| 8 | implicit | implicitly |
| 8 | induce | induced induces inducing induction |
| 8 | inevitable | inevitability inevitably |
| 8 | infrastructure | infrastructures |
| 8 | inspect | inspected inspecting inspection inspections inspector inspectors inspects |
| 8 | intense | intensely intenseness intensification intensified intensifies intensify intensifying intension intensity intensive intensively |
| 8 | manipulate | manipulated manipulates manipulating manipulation manipulations manipulative |
| 8 | minimise | minimised minimises minimising minimize minimized minimizes minimizing |
| 8 | nuclear | |
| 8 | offset | offsets offsetting |
| 8 | paragraph | paragraphing paragraphs |
| 8 | plus | pluses |
| 8 | practitioner | practitioners |
| 8 | predominant | predominance predominantly predominate predominated predominates predominating |
| 8 | prospect | prospective prospects |
| 8 | radical | radically radicals |
| 8 | random | randomly randomness |
| 8 | reinforce | reinforced reinforcement reinforcements reinforces reinforcing |
| 8 | restore | restoration restored restores restoring |
| 8 | revise | revised revises revising revision revisions |
| 8 | schedule | reschedule rescheduled reschedules rescheduling scheduled schedules scheduling unscheduled |
| 8 | tense | tension tensely tenser tensest tensions |
| 8 | terminate | terminal terminals terminated terminates terminating termination terminations |
| 8 | theme | themes thematic thematically |
| 8 | thereby | |
| 8 | uniform | uniformity uniformly |
| 8 | vehicle | vehicles |
| 8 | via | |
| 8 | virtual | virtually |
| 8 | visual | visualise visualised visualising visualisation visualize visualized visualizing visualization visually |
| 8 | widespread | |
| 9 | accommodate | accommodated accommodates accommodating accommodation |
| 9 | analogy | analogies analogous |
| 9 | anticipate | anticipated anticipates anticipating anticipation unanticipated |
| 9 | assure | assurance assurances assured assuredly assures assuring |
| 9 | attain | attainable attained attaining attainment attainments attains unattainable |
| 9 | behalf | |
| 9 | bulk | bulky |
| 9 | cease | ceased ceaseless ceases ceasing |
| 9 | coherent | coherence coherently incoherent incoherently |
| 9 | coincide | coincided coincides coinciding coincidence coincidences coincident coincidental |
| 9 | commence | commenced commences commencement commencing recommences recommenced recommencing |
| 9 | compatible | compatibility incompatibility incompatible |
| 9 | concurrent | concurrently |
| 9 | confine | confined confines confining unconfined |
| 9 | controversy | controversies controversial controversially uncontroversial |
| 9 | converse | conversely |
| 9 | device | devices |
| 9 | devote | devoted devotedly devotes devoting devotion devotions |
| 9 | diminish | diminished diminishes diminishing diminution undiminished |
| 9 | distort | distorted distorting distortion distortions distorts |
| 9 | duration | |
| 9 | erode | eroded erodes eroding erosion |
| 9 | ethic | ethical ethically ethics unethical |
| 9 | format | formatted formatting formats |
| 9 | found | founded founder founders founding unfounded |
| 9 | inherent | inherently |
| 9 | insight | insightful insights |
| 9 | integral | |
| 9 | intermediate | |
| 9 | manual | manually manuals |
| 9 | mature | immature immaturity maturation maturational matured matures maturing maturity |
| 9 | mediate | mediated mediates mediating mediation |
| 9 | medium | |
| 9 | military | |
| 9 | minimal | minimalisation minimalise minimalises minimalised minimalising minimalist minimalists minimalistic minimalization minimalize minimalized minimalizes minimalizing minimally |
| 9 | mutual | mutually |
| 9 | norm | norms |
| 9 | overlap | overlapped overlapping overlaps |
| 9 | passive | passively passivity |
| 9 | portion | portions |
| 9 | preliminary | preliminaries |
| 9 | protocol | protocols |
| 9 | qualitative | qualitatively |
| 9 | refine | refined refinement refinements refines refining |
| 9 | relax | relaxation relaxed relaxes relaxing |
| 9 | restrain | restrained restraining restrains restraint restraints unrestrained |
| 9 | revolution | revolutionary revolutionaries revolutionise revolutionised revolutionises revolutionising revolutionist revolutionists revolutionize revolutionized revolutionizes revolutionizing revolutions |
| 9 | rigid | rigidities rigidity rigidly |
| 9 | route | routed routes routing |
| 9 | scenario | scenarios |
| 9 | sphere | spheres spherical spherically |
| 9 | subordinate | subordinates subordination |
| 9 | supplement | supplementary supplemented supplementing supplements |
| 9 | suspend | suspended suspending suspends suspension |
| 9 | team | teamed teaming teams |
| 9 | temporary | temporarily |
| 9 | trigger | triggered triggering triggers |
| 9 | unify | unification unified unifies unifying |
| 9 | violate | violated violates violating violation violations |
| 9 | vision | visions |
| 10 | adjacent | |
| 10 | albeit | |
| 10 | assemble | assembled assembles assemblies assembling assembly |
| 10 | collapse | collapsed collapses collapsible collapsing |
| 10 | colleague | colleagues |
| 10 | compile | compilation compilations compiled compiles compiling |
| 10 | conceive | conceivable conceivably conceived conceives conceiving inconceivable inconceivably |
| 10 | convince | convinced convinces convincing convincingly unconvinced |
| 10 | depress | depressed depresses depressing depression |
| 10 | encounter | encountered encountering encounters |
| 10 | enormous | enormity enormously |
| 10 | forthcoming | |
| 10 | incline | inclination inclinations inclined inclines inclining |
| 10 | integrity | |
| 10 | intrinsic | intrinsically |
| 10 | invoke | invoked invokes invoking |
| 10 | levy | levies |
| 10 | likewise | |
| 10 | nonetheless | |
| 10 | notwithstanding | |
| 10 | odd | odds |
| 10 | ongoing | |
| 10 | panel | panelled panelling panels |
| 10 | persist | persisted persistence persistent persistently persisting persists |
| 10 | pose | posed poses posing |
| 10 | reluctance | reluctant reluctantly |
| 10 | socalled | |
| 10 | straightforward | |
| 10 | undergo | undergoes undergoing undergone underwent |
| 10 | whereby |
よくある質問
AWL は何語入っていますか
570語族です。サブリスト1から9までが各60語族、サブリスト10だけ30語族という配分になっています。
サブリストの番号は何を表しますか
学術文章での出やすさの順位です。番号が小さいほどよく出る語で、サブリスト1が最もよく使われる60語族です。
AWL を全部覚えれば論文が読めますか
読めません。AWLが覆うのは学術文章の1割ほどで、残りの大半は基本語だからです。基本2000〜3000語族が先に必要です。
日常会話や小説にも役立ちますか
効率はよくありません。編集部が公有の英語小説で測ったところ、AWLの語で説明がつくのは全体の1.7%でした。
このリストは今でも有効ですか
前半は有効ですが、万能ではありません。分野をまたぐ共通の学術語彙という前提には2007年に強い批判が出ています。
自由に使ってよいのですか
リストの表とCSVはCC BY-SA 4.0で、出典表示と同一ライセンスでの再配布を条件に利用できます。
参考文献
このページの解説が根拠にしている研究です。リンク先は原典の出版社ページ（DOI）で、greencafe 編集部とは無関係の外部サイトです。
- Coxhead, A. (2000). A new academic word list. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 213-238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587951
- Hyland, K., & Tse, P. (2007). Is there an “academic vocabulary”? TESOL Quarterly, 41(2), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00058.x
- West, M. (1953). A General Service List of English Words. Longman.
- Nation, I. S. P. (2016). Making and Using Word Lists for Language Learning and Testing. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.208
- Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.63.1.59
ほかの単語リスト
- NGSL（日常英語の土台 2,809 語） — 日常英語の土台。まずここから
- TSL（TOEIC 向け 1,250 語） — TOEIC 向け。NGSL に積み増す前提
- BNC/COCA 最頻 3,000 語族 — 語族で数えた最頻 3,000。読解の土台
- 英単語リスト集（4 リストの比較と選び方）
